AppLocker Rules as Defense Evasion: Complete Analysis

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Microsoft continues to develop, update and improve features to monitor and prevent the execution of malicious code on the Windows opearting system. One of these features is AppLocker. This feature advances the functionality of software restriction policies and  enables administrators to create rules to allow or deny applications from running based on their unique identities (e.g., files) and to specify which users or groups can run those applications.

AppLocker has the ability to control the execution of executables (“.exe” and “.com”), scripts (“.js”, “ps1”, “vbs”, “.cmd” and “.bat”), windows installer (“.msi, “.mst”, “.msp”), dll modules, packaged apps, and app installer.

This software restriction policy may be abused by adversaries, like the “Azorult loader,” a payload that imports its own AppLocker policy to deny the execution of several antivirus components as part of its defense evasion.

In this blog, the Splunk Threat Research Team will do a deep dive analysis on “Azorult loader” and its several components to understand tactics and techniques that may help SOC analysts and blue teamers defend against these types of threats.

^{(For a larger resolution of this diagram visit this link)}

Azorult Loader

Azorult loader is a classic “Trojan Horse” that contains several components including the Azorult malware itself and additional embedded files to enable remote access and data collection. This loader is an autoit compiled executable that contains a self-extracting stream in its resource sections along with several files.

Defense Evasion

Azorult implements a hardcoded sandbox evasion checklist: It looks for specific usernames, files on the desktop, hostnames and processes running on the targeted host. If identified, it will exit. It will also terminate its execution if the OS version of the compromised host is “winxp”.

If the “msseces.exe” process is running, it will try to uninstall the “Microsoft Security Client” by using the wmic.exe command shown below.

C:\Windows\System32\wbem\wmic.exe product where name="Microsoft Security Client" call uninstall /nointeractive

It will also disable several registry keys related to the Windows Defender application feature and other AV products to evade their detections. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 shows screenshots of the autoit script code that modifies those registry values.

^{Figure 1.1}

^{Figure 1.2}

It will also try to stop, delete and even modify the configuration of some services as part of its execution and disable antivirus products. Figure 2 shows the code list of those services.

^{Figure 2}

It will attempt to block SMB ports  (445, 139 and update the firewall configuration to allow its dropped malicious files to perform network connections. Figure 3 shows the netsh command that modifies firewall rules.

^{Figure 3}

Using the attrib and icacls Windows binaries, it will set the hidden attribute and a deny permission access on several AV product installation root folders like what we see in Figures 4 and 5.

^{Figure 4}

^{Figure 5}

First Stage Drop Files

The loader will drop files as seen in Figure 6. The “temp.bat” is a cleanup batch file that will delete some of the dropped files and add a hidden attribute on the created directory C:\Programdata\Windows. The “clean.bat” is responsible for killing malwarebytes “mbamservice.exe” process, stopping or deleting more services related to AV products and coin miners like “MinerGate”.

^{Figure 6}

The “H.bat” is responsible for blocking AV, coin miner and some GitHub websites by redirecting it to the local host IP address of the compromised host by adding an entry to the “%SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts”. Figure 7 shows some of the url links it tries to block and how it adds the entry to the hosts file.

^{Figure 7}

The file “5.xml” is one of the most interesting parts of this malware. It contains AppLocker rules designed for defense evasion. This paper will explore the topic further specifically when we break down the components that try to import this rule. The “ink.exe” is the actual Azorult malware. Figure 8.1 shows the strings command used to parse the browser database to collect sensitive information like credentials.

^{Figure 8.1}

Figure 8.2 shows how it parses and steals the telegram, skype, and bitcoin wallet information stored on the target host and sends it to its C2 server.

^{Figure 8.2}

Drop file - Wini.exe

One of the executables dropped is named wini.exe. This is a self extracting archive (sfx). An archive that has been combined with an executable module, allowing Windows users to extract the archive's files without a decompression program. Threat actors take advantage of this file type because it protects their malware with a password, which helps it evade sandboxes or emulation without it.

Figure 9 shows how the password prompt when executed without the password.

^{Figure 9}

Digging into the loader autoit script, the code below is the actual command line and password that execute this sfx file.

Run("C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Intel\wini.exe -pnaxui")

Wini.exe will drop the RMS radmin tool name as “rfusclient.exe” and “rutserv.exe”. Then, to install this tool, it will also drop “install.vbs'' that will execute another drop file “install.bat” that will disable Windows Defender application, set the registries of the “Remote Manipulator System” (RMS) tool (“reg1.reg” and “reg2.reg”), execute the RMS server rutserver.exe and configure its services.

Figure 10 shows the registry written in reg1.reg files related to the RMS tool and Figure 11 which is the code of install.bat.

^{Figure 10}

^{Figure 11}

It will also drop another executable named “winit.exe”.  This is an autoit compiled binary responsible for gathering information on the compromised host like what AV was installed, OS version, video adapter and much more. After collecting the data, it will try to send it via SMTP or via email to a specific email and body format. It will also execute “del.bat” which will delete itself. 

Figures 12.1 and 12.2 show the code of this executable and how it builds the body of its email that will be sent to a specific email address.

^{Figure 12.1}

^{Figure 12.2 Drop file - Cheat.exe}

Both cheat.exe and wini.exe are sfx files that are password protected with the password "naxui". One of its drop files is the “P.exe” that will drop and execute “1.exe” which is a copy of WebBrowserPassView.exe tool. WebBrowserPassView.exe is a Nirsoft tool for parsing credentials like passwords in browsers. The other drop file of cheat.exe is the  “taskhost.exe” which will execute the “P.exe”, “R8.exe” and the “taskhostw.exe”. It will also install the “OpenCL.dll” component of Khronos OpenCl ICD loader that allows users to build applications against specific OpenCL implementations.

The taskhost.exe will also create a scheduled task as a persistence mechanism for its drop file “taskhostw.exe” and “winlogon.exe”. taskhost.exe will also download files from a specific FTP server (109.248.203.81), save them as c:\programdata\windowstask\temp.exe, decrypt them and execute it. Unfortunately, the FTP server is inaccessible as of writing.

Figure 13 shows how it sets up the connection to the FTP client and tries to parse the credentials in several URL links.

^{Figure 13}

The “winlogon.exe” is another autoit compiled file that looks for scheduled tasks containing “KMSAutoNet”, “KMS” and “KMSAuto”. Figure 14 shows how to list all the scheduled tasks using the “/query list” command and look for it using regex.

^{Figure 14}

Cheat.exe also drops another executable called “winlog.exe,” which then subsequently drops “winlogon.exe” in C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Intel. C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Intel\winlogon.exe is a PowerShell script converted to an executable file that will execute a PowerShell command to import the AppLocker policy drop by the actual loader name as “5.xml”.

Figure 15 shows the code snippet of the AppLocker rule policy that applies to deny actions on several antivirus products.

^{Figure 15}

Below is the powershell command it uses to import this AppLocker policy.

“Import-Module applocker" ; "Set-AppLockerPolicy -XMLPolicy C:\ProgramData\microsoft\Temp\5.xml”

The XML is well formatted and as soon as we import it to the AppLocker rule set, as seen in Figure 16, the antivirus products that try to have a deny action policy are seen clearly.

^{Figure 16}

As mentioned by Grzegorz Tworek, Applocker cannot block nor log processes with NT AUTHORITY\SERVICE present in the token which most AV engines use for their prevention component. However, AV engines also include components that run with less privileges focused on alerting and notifying users about events identified by the engine. Azorult would only prevent these components from running using its dropped Applocker policy.

Finally, the last droped file is “R8.exe”, another SFX file, which will decompress “db.rar” that contains “install.vbs”, that will execute ”bat.bat” to create a hidden special user account name as “John”, enable RDP connections, execute “RDPWinst.exe” that enables Remote Desktop Host support and concurrent RDP sessions on reduced functionality systems, create local group user, set non-expiring password using “net accounts /maxpwage:unlimited”, set hidden attribute and delete itself. 

Figure 17 shows the code snippet of bat.bat file.

^{Figure 17}

Detections

Below are the existing and new (STRT) detections developed to detect tactics and techniques of this malware.

Windows Applications Layer Protocol RMS Radmin Tool Namedpipe

This analytic identifies the use of default or publicly known named pipes used with RMX remote admin tool:

`sysmon` EventCode IN (17, 18) EventType IN ( "CreatePipe", "ConnectPipe") PipeName IN ("\\RManFUSServerNotify32", "\\RManFUSCallbackNotify32", "\\RMSPrint*") 
  | stats  min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime count by Image EventType ProcessId PipeName Computer UserID
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)`
  | `windows_application_layer_protocol_rms_radmin_tool_namedpipe_filter`

Windows Gather Victim Network Info Through IP Check Web Services

This analytic identifies a process that tries to connect to known IP web services:

`sysmon` EventCode=22  QueryName IN ("*wtfismyip.com", "*checkip.amazonaws.com", "*ipecho.net", "*ipinfo.io", "*api.ipify.org", 
  "*icanhazip.com", "*ip.anysrc.com","*api.ip.sb", "ident.me", "www.myexternalip.com", "*zen.spamhaus.org", "*cbl.abuseat.org", "*b.barracudacentral.org",
  "*dnsbl-1.uceprotect.net", "*spam.dnsbl.sorbs.net", "*iplogger.org*", "*ip-api.com*") 
  |  stats  min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime count by  Image ProcessId QueryName QueryStatus QueryResults Computer EventCode 
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_gather_victim_network_info_through_ip_check_web_services_filter`

Windows Impair Defense Add XML AppLocker Rules

This analytic identifies a process that imports AppLocker XML rules using PowerShell commandlet:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` values(Processes.process) as process min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes
  where (Processes.process_name=pwsh.exe OR Processes.process_name=sqlps.exe OR Processes.process_name=sqltoolsps.exe OR Processes.process_name=powershell.exe OR Processes.process_name=powershell_ise.exe OR Processes.original_file_name=pwsh.dll OR Processes.original_file_name=PowerShell.EXE OR Processes.original_file_name=powershell_ise.EXE) AND Processes.process="*Import-Module Applocker*" AND Processes.process="*Set-AppLockerPolicy *"  AND Processes.process="* -XMLPolicy *"
  by Processes.dest Processes.user Processes.parent_process Processes.process_name Processes.original_file_name Processes.process Processes.process_id Processes.parent_process_id
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)`
  | `windows_impair_defense_add_xml_applocker_rules_filter`

Windows Impair Defense Deny Security Software With AppLocker

This analytic identifies a modification in the Windows registry by the AppLocker application that contains details or registry data values related to denying the execution of several Security products:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where (Registry.registry_path= "*\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Group Policy Objects\\*" AND Registry.registry_path= "*}Machine\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows\\SrpV2*")
  OR Registry.registry_path="*\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows\\SrpV2*"
  AND Registry.registry_value_data = "*Action\=\"Deny\"*" 
  AND Registry.registry_value_data IN("*O=SYMANTEC*","*O=MCAFEE*","*O=KASPERSKY*","*O=BLEEPING COMPUTER*", "*O=PANDA SECURITY*","*O=SYSTWEAK SOFTWARE*", "*O=TREND MICRO*", "*O=AVAST*", "*O=GRIDINSOFT*", "*O=MICROSOFT*", "*O=NANO SECURITY*", "*O=SUPERANTISPYWARE.COM*", "*O=DOCTOR WEB*", "*O=MALWAREBYTES*", "*O=ESET*", "*O=AVIRA*", "*O=WEBROOT*")
  by  Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.registry_key_name Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_impair_defense_deny_security_software_with_applocker_filter`

Windows Powershell Import AppLocker Policy

This analytic identifies a process that imports AppLocker XML rules using powershell commandlet:

`powershell` EventCode=4104 ScriptBlockText="*Import-Module Applocker*" ScriptBlockText="*Set-AppLockerPolicy *" ScriptBlockText="* -XMLPolicy *"
  | stats count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime by EventCode ScriptBlockText Computer user_id 
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_powershell_import_applocker_policy_filter`

Windows Remote Access Software RMS Registry

This analytic identifies a modification or creation of Windows registry related to Remote Manipulator System (RMS) Remote Admin tool:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\SYSTEM\\Remote Manipulator System*" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)`
  | `windows_remote_access_software_rms_registry_filter`

Windows Valid Account With Never Expires Password

This analytic identifies processes that update user account policies for password requirements with non-expiring password:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` values(Processes.process) as process min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes
  where (Processes.process_name="net.exe" OR Processes.original_file_name="net.exe" OR Processes.process_name="net1.exe" OR Processes.original_file_name="net1.exe") 
  AND Processes.process="* accounts *" AND Processes.process="* /maxpwage:unlimited" 
  by Processes.dest Processes.user Processes.parent_process Processes.process_name Processes.original_file_name Processes.process Processes.process_id Processes.parent_process_id
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_valid_account_with_never_expires_password_filter`

Windows Modify Registry Disable Toast Notifications

This analytic detects a modification in the Windows registry to disable toast notifications:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\PushNotifications\\ToastEnabled*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000000" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_modify_registry_disable_toast_notifications_filter`

Windows Modify Registry Disable Windows Security Center Notif

This analytic detects a modification in the Windows registry  to disable Windows center notifications:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\ImmersiveShell\\UseActionCenterExperience*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000000" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_modify_registry_disable_windows_security_center_notif_filter`

Windows Modify Registry Suppress Win Defender Notif

This analytic detects a modification in the Windows registry  to suppress Windows Defender notification:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\Windows Defender\\UX Configuration\\Notification_Suppress*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000001" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_modify_registry_suppress_win_defender_notif_filter`

Windows Remote Services Allow RDP in Firewall

This analytic detects a modification in the Windows firewall  to enable remote desktop protocol on a targeted machine:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` values(Processes.process) as cmdline
  values(Processes.parent_process_name) as parent_process values(Processes.process_name)
  count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes
  where (Processes.process_name = "netsh.exe" OR Processes.original_file_name= "netsh.exe") AND Processes.process = "*firewall*" AND Processes.process = "*add*" AND Processes.process = "*protocol=TCP*" 
  AND Processes.process = "*localport=3389*" AND Processes.process = "*action=allow*"
  by Processes.dest Processes.user Processes.parent_process Processes.process_name
  Processes.process Processes.process_id Processes.parent_process_id | `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_remote_services_allow_rdp_in_firewall_filter`

Windows Remote Services Allow Remote Assistance

This analytic identifies a modification in the Windows registry to enable remote desktop assistance on a targeted machine:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\Control\\Terminal Server\\fAllowToGetHelp*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000001" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_remote_services_allow_remote_assistance_filter`

Windows Remote Services RDP Enable

This analytic detects a modification in the Windows registry to enable remote desktop protocol on a targeted machine:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\Control\\Terminal Server\\fDenyTSConnections*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000000" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_remote_services_rdp_enable_filter` 

Windows Service Stop by Deletion

This analytic identifies Windows Service Control, `sc.exe`, attempting to delete a service:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` values(Processes.process) as process min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes
  where (Processes.process_name = sc.exe OR Processes.original_file_name = sc.exe) Processes.process="* delete *" by Processes.dest Processes.user Processes.parent_process Processes.process_name
  Processes.original_file_name Processes.process Processes.process_id Processes.parent_process_id
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_service_stop_by_deletion_filter` 

Windows Modify Registry Disable Win Defender Raw Write Notif

This analytic detects a modification in the Windows registry  to disable Windows Defender raw write notification feature:  

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\Windows Defender\\Real-Time Protection\\DisableRawWriteNotification*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000001" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_modify_registry_disable_win_defender_raw_write_notif_filter`

Windows Modify Registry Disabling WER Settings

This analytic identifies a modification in the Windows registry  to disable Windows error reporting settings:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Windows Error Reporting\\disable*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000001" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)`
  | `windows_modify_registry_disabling_wer_settings_filter`

Windows Modify Registry DisAllow Windows App

This analytic detects a modification in the Windows registry  to prevent users running specific computer programs that could aid them in manually removing malware or detecting it using security products:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime FROM datamodel=Endpoint.Registry 
  where Registry.registry_path= "*\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\DisallowRun*" Registry.registry_value_data="0x00000001" 
  by Registry.registry_key_name Registry.user Registry.registry_path Registry.registry_value_data Registry.action Registry.dest 
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Registry)`
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_modify_registry_disallow_windows_app_filter`

Windows Modify Registry Regedit Silent Reg Import

This analytic identifies possible modifications of Windows registry using regedit.exe application with silent mode parameter:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` values(Processes.process) as process min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes
  where (Processes.process_name="regedit.exe" OR Processes.original_file_name="regedit.exe") 
  AND Processes.process="* /s *" AND Processes.process="*.reg*" 
  by Processes.dest Processes.user Processes.parent_process Processes.process_name Processes.original_file_name Processes.process Processes.process_id Processes.parent_process_id
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_modify_registry_regedit_silent_reg_import_filter`

Windows Remote Service RDPWinst Tool Execution

This analytic identifies the process of "RDPWInst.exe" tool which is a RDP wrapper library tool designed to enable remote  desktop host support and concurrent RDP session on reduced functionality:

| tstats `security_content_summariesonly` values(Processes.process) as process min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes
  where (Processes.process_name="RDPWInst.exe" OR Processes.original_file_name="RDPWInst.exe") 
  AND Processes.process IN ("* -i*", "* -s*", "* -o*", "* -w*", "* -r*")
  by Processes.dest Processes.user Processes.parent_process Processes.process_name Processes.original_file_name Processes.process Processes.process_id Processes.parent_process_id
  | `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(firstTime)` 
  | `security_content_ctime(lastTime)` 
  | `windows_remote_service_rdpwinst_tool_execution_filter`

IOC

Learn More

You can find the latest content about security analytic stories on GitHub and in Splunkbase. Splunk Security Essentials also has all these detections available via push update. 

For a full list of security content, check out the release notes on Splunk Docs.

Any feedback or requests? Feel free to put in an issue on Github and we’ll follow up. Alternatively, join us on the Slack channel #security-research. Follow these instructions If you need an invitation to our Splunk user groups on Slack.

Credit to author Teoderick Contreras and collaborators Rod Soto, Jose Hernandez, Patrick Bareiss, Lou Stella, Bhavin Patel, Michael Haag, Mauricio Velazco and Eric McGinnis.